Males are larger than females and may attain a shoulder height of about 1 metre and a length of about 2.2 metres, excluding a tail of about 1 metre; weight is 160â230 kg (350â500 pounds), and tigers from the south are smaller than those of the north. Over the years, Iâve followed these tigers so closely that I know their unique characteristics. and measure about 2.2 m (7 ft) in length. From razor-sharp teeth to muscular legs, he can catch prey and put up a fight from potential poachers. These muscles function to rapidly clamp down on prey with crushing force. See more. However, Tigress is not Shifu, and her tiger instincts keep getting the better of her, making Shifu frustrated and in term making Tigress shamed. Females are slightly smaller, weighing about 90 kg (198 lbs.) Many fans of the series consider her to be the main love interest of Po, the main character of the series. Here's a list of every single Patronus you can possibly receive. Powerful, Tough, Dynamic, Mighty. The striping is varied in width, length, whether they are single or double-looped, coloration from a light brown to dark black and are not symmetrical from one side of the tiger to the other. Personality and Characteristics of the 12 Chinese Astrology Signs â Tiger: The Tiger â è Tigers are a strong and fearless people who are respected for their courage. They mainly feed on large mammals such as deer, wild pigs, antelope and buffalo. Find quick information and fun facts with these 1-page easy resources about animals from A to Z. The bones of the tiger's front legs are strong and dense to support the large musculature needed to take down large prey. Go behind-the-scenes to see how our trainers care for and interact with these amazing animals, and get up close with some finned, flippered, or feathered friends. The third is a small tattoo on her hairless Mound of Venus. There have been reported sightings of blue tigers. She is the tritagonist of Kung Fu Panda, the deuteragonist of Kung Fu Panda 2, and one of the two tritagonists of Kung Fu Panda 3 (alongside Shifu). Tigress definition, a female tiger. The traditional Tiger fighting style is powerful, strong, firm, and aggressiveâand adding a bit of Wushu-like acrobatic flair to the mix, Tigress is a warrior to be feared and admired. 1 History 2 Notes 3 Related 3.1 Footnotes She organized this rabble into a tiger-masked team of deadly spearmen, mainly in order to keep the local natives at bay. It is of the highest honor for the Suckling White Tigress to bear these three emblems. Tigers have large padded feet that enable them to silently stalk prey in the Asian jungles. Adults can weigh up to 363kg (thatâs about the same as ten ten year olds!) As the Tigress, Paula Brooks wielded a hand crossbow. Tiger is the supreme master of his domain, a preeminent symbol to be bold, and fierce in all you do. This characteristic enables them to leap forward distances up to 10 meters (32.5 ft). Each paw has four of these claws and one specialized claw called a dewclaw. Key Sexual Characteristics Stella Excerpt âThe Tigress see an intrinsic connection between sexuality and spirituality â they see the refinement of ching (which is sexual energy and physical function), qi (vital energy, as in breath) and shen (conciseness or spirit) interconnected.â 3) Tiger moms are very protective. Females are smaller, weighing about 115 kg (250 lbs.) Tiger claws are retractable in that ligaments hold them in a protective skin sheath when their not being used. Tigers make great leaders and will stand up and fight for what they believe in. Every donation, however small, contributes to tiger survival. Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris ). At SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, we extend our commitment to the environment beyond our company by supporting a variety of conservation groups and programs. Hear animal sounds for animals like anteaters, dolphins, frogs and more. tigress - a female tiger Panthera tigris , tiger - large feline of forests in most of Asia having a tawny coat with black stripes; endangered Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. Come with us on an unforgettable journey behind the scenes during a SeaWorld or Busch Gardens Camp. HMS Tigress was an Acheron-class destroyer of the Royal Navy that served during World War I.She was built under the 1910â11 shipbuilding programme by R. W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company of Hebburn, was launched on 20 December 1911 and was sold for breaking on 9 May 1921. Tigers must either crawl backwards or jump down from trees, making them the most inferior climbers of the big cat family. There are two ideas as to the function of these eyespots. The hair of the tiger provides camouflage, warmth and protection for them. Unlike the domestic cats, its larger version enjoy spending time in the water and they love to swim for hours. Solo is a very special tigress for me. Diversity. Tigress is a teenager who is training under the strict Master Shifu, who tries to get her to emulate his style. The species now has no more than 4 000 wild individuals and the mortality rate is very high, as cubs are more vulnerable. Many tigers possess the light yellow-orange to deep reddish-orange background coloration. Master Tigress is a warrior under the Tiger Style of Kung Fu. Tigers are great predators and hunters in nature. Among humans, being a “tiger mother” means that you give your children a really strict education. Therefore they usually have a white color with light to medium brown striping and blue eyes. and measure up to 3.3m! Thanks so much for clicking on the link below. The pads of my fingers were bandaged, my eyes were pink and sore, and I felt like I had a nail driven into my brain. These physical traits are: First, very long straight, black hair. J.K. Rowling's official Patronus quiz is a sight to behold. The primary function of the tiger's hair is for warmth. They have even been known to kill a male tiger — including the father — when it has represented a danger to the young felines. Females are slightly smaller with an average weight of 140 kg (300 lbs.) Finally, Tigress' dynamic transformation provides a generalized form of continuous runtime code modification. Sheâs usually the one to hit first in a fight. 2) Mothers take sole charge of caring for and educating their progeny. The liger and the tigon (the result of mating a tiger with a lioness) possess features of both parents, in variable proportions, but are generally larger and darker than either. "Tiger moves with a confident stride, an art of regal beauty in motion, fully present in every movement ".... Tiger is the spirit animal of female sensuality, with the need for a hidden sanctuary. The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) are native to South Central China. This characteristic enables them to attain greater stride lengths because the smaller clavicle allows for a wider, unrestricted range of movement of the scapula (shoulder blade) whe⦠It is one of the five species classified in the genus Panthera, others being the lion, leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard (see notes 1).Here are 20 amazing tiger facts. The White Tigress has five distinct physical features which reveal her success in maintaining and restoring her youthfulness. Tigers have fewer teeth than other carnivores such as dogs (42 teeth) with only 30 teeth. This prominently displays the distinctive white markings. SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund. Aries is confident in his strengths and his ideas. There is little evidence supporting this color variation in tigers. She is the master of the Tiger style of kung fu, the adoptive daughter of Shifu, and the adoptive younger sister of Tai Lung. Thatâs right, the lunchbox special enveloping all food groups between two slices of bread is named for the 4th Earl of Sandwich, an English aristocrat who lived in the 1700s. © 2021 SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The small incisors located in the front of the mouth (between the two top and bottom canines) enable the tiger to pick off meat and feathers from their prey. Tigress is the tritagonist of the Kung Fu Panda franchise. Nanda also mentioned the different characteristics of tigers in a video he had posted on Twitter. However, the claws' curvature, the tiger's size and weight is a great hindrance in climbing down from trees. All cats have deciduous (temporary) teeth that come in within a week or two after birth. Iâd known her mother, Rajbehra, for a decade. So are we! and 2.5 m (8 ft) in length. The stripe patterning on top of the tiger's head resembles the Chinese character of "wang" which means "king.". This image doesn’t correspond entirely to the role for tigers. ... which is very close to that of the TIGRESS clover array in table 3. 1) Tigresses isolate themselves to deliver their cubs. These muscles function to rapidly clamp down on prey with crushing force. Tigers possess two types of hair, guard hair and underfur. Here are 8 of their characteristics that will doubtless surprise you! The tiger (Panthera tigris) is probably one of the most exotic and beautiful animals in the world. Dewclaws function similarly to thumbs in that they are used for grasping prey and aid in climbing. This is the main reason why no birth has ever been observed in the wild. 7) Mothers mate again only after the departure of the young. 6) Tiger mothers provide a clean environment for their litter, by ensuring that no food or manure enters their shelter. They swallow large-sheared pieces of meat whole. This is the main reason why no birth has ever been observed in the wild. The guard hairs are longer and more durable than the underfur and mainly function for protection purposes. a person born under the sign of Aries knows fine what, how and in what order to try to do, he has no authority, he wonât be guided by someoneâs instructions. A tiger's tail is about one meter in length (3 ft) and may play a part in their visual communication (see communication- vision section). 8) Tiger moms need your support to protect their cubs, particularly from poaching and habitat loss. Adult male Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) weigh about 220 kg (480 lbs.) Our overarching zoological mission is to foster conservation awareness and to impart action on our park guests to preserve wild animals and wild places. These teeth are referred to as milk teeth similar to humans' baby teeth. Conclusions. 5. and measure about 2.8 m (9ft) in length. The skull of the tiger is stout and rounded in shape which provides more support for their powerful jaws. Males weigh about 150 kg (330 lbs.) Therefore they are seldom without a set of teeth. The tiger totem is both a sign of a potential threat and a call for courage to face it. and are about 2.3 m (7.5 ft) in length. Carnivores do not require the vast amount of microbes (microscopic bacteria) living in their intestines to break down indigestible plant cellulose. The bones in each of the tiger's feet are tightly connected by ligaments enabling them to buffer the impact of landing from running, pouncing and leaping. An albino would be pure white in color (no striping) and would have pink or red eyes. Browse our extensive collection of zoological career infobooks including animal training, animal rescue and rehabilitation and zoo careers. and measure about 2.4 m (8 ft) in length. A tiger is solitary in nature, marking out its territory and defending it from other tigers. From fun and affordable field trips for students to amazing summer adventures, our camps combine education and entertainment in a way that connects people to the sea and sea life like nowhere else. 1) Tigers are the largest wild cats in the world. Adult male Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) may weigh up to 300 kg. Therefore tigers and other carnivores have small and light weight stomachs that do not hinder them when they are accelerating quickly to chase prey. The ligaments are in a relaxed position when the claws are retracted thereby expending no musculature effort. Tigers love to swim and play in the water. The largest tigers are found in the north, gradually becoming smaller in the south. Tigress strikes directly without hesitation utili⦠Liger, offspring of a lion and a tigress. Tigers' powerful jaw muscles are attached to a bony ridge that lay on top of the skull called the sagittal crest. The process of converting meat to protein (needed for energy) is significantly less complicated in carnivores than it is to convert grass to protein as some herbivores require. However, since the blue colored trait exists in some lynx and bobcat families; it is not ruled out as a possibility. Indeed, they monitor their cubs very closely and don’t hesitate to attack if needed. Take a closer look at these encyclopedia books including information about animal habitats, behavior, and scientific classification. This crossbow was lightweight, and was equipped to fire either regular or specially-tipped bolts. It appeared to be the famous Royal Bengal Tigress 'Collarwali', famous for giving birth to 4 cubs in January 2019 and a total of 29 cubs in different litters over 10 years. 1 History 2 Powers and Abilities 2.1 Powers 2.2 Abilities 3 Notes 4 Related 4.1 Footnotes Unique Physiology Claws Fangs Enhanced Senses Enhanced Vision Enhanced Sense of Smell Superhuman Agility Acrobatics Hand-to-Hand Combat (Advanced) Tigress was voiced by Cree Summer. Young tigers have to follow their mother’s heat to move closer to her in order to feed, otherwise the mom will consider that they are stillborn. In order for it to survive and thrive in its own habitat, the tiger has powerful physical features. and measure about 3.3 m. (10.9 ft) in length. The back teeth of the tiger are called carnassials which enables the tiger to shear meat from their prey like knife blades. One of which is that they function as "false eyes"; making the tiger seem bigger and watchful to a potential predator attacking from the rear. Tigers have the largest canines of all big cat species ranging in size from 6.4 to 7.6 centimeters (2.5 to 3.0 in) in length. Some even get eaten by male Tigers to make the Tigress available for mating. Many tigers possess stripes on their face, sides, legs and stomach. The skull of the tiger is stout and rounded in shape which provides more support for their powerful jaws. 4. Tigress implements its own version of code packing through the use of runtime code generation. The underfur traps air which insulates the tiger's body thereby keeping it warm. This waiting period will be shorter if the tigress has lost her litter. Adult male Indo-Chinese tigers (Panthera tigris corbetti) may weigh up to 182 kg (400 lbs.) Are you wild about whales? The tiger's tongue is covered with numerous small, sharp, rear-facing projections called papillae. Come face-to-face with the wonders of wildlife through species-focused episodes and related classroom activities. Taken with tigers? Tigers' powerful jaw muscles are attached to a bony ridge that lay on top of the skull called the sagittal crest. Saying that tigers are solitary animals can make it appear that they do not have a social structure or that this is simplistic. and are about 2.5 m (8 ft) in length. The Sumatran tiger is a population of Panthera tigris sondaica in the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Thatâs just insane! Download free teacher guides to keep students learning in a hands-on way: includes vocabulary, classroom activities, goals and objectives. Females are smaller, weighing between 100 to 167 kg (200 to 370 lbs.) The canines have abundant pressure-sensing nerves that enable the tiger to identify the location needed to sever the neck of its prey. Recent Examples on the Web This tigress is rubbing herself against an ancient Manchurian fir tree, leaving her scent to mark her territory. She is the strongest, serious and leader of the Furious Five, five of the strongest masters of Kung Fu in China. (660 lbs.) âLike a tigress with her cub, she would turn on you, eyes blazing, danger radiating from every incensed pore.â âThe inventory concludes with a list of animals and half-human creatures, noting tigresses, vultures, and giraffes together with mythical unicorns, pans, and centaurs.â © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. The tiger is the symbol of power. The summing characteristics, hit patterns and absolute efficiency were measured in both crystal and clover modes. Furthermore, they regularly clean their cubs by licking them, which has beneficial effects on their health. 4) Tigresses abandon their cubs if they don’t manage to drink their milk shortly after birth. 2) Tigers are carnivores, eating only meat. It is believed that each person born of a certain year takes on the traits and characteristics of the animal representing that year. Tigers are the only large cat species to have distinctive striping located on both the hair and skin of the tiger. Tigress is designed such that, from a single source program, it is possible to generate large numbers of highly diversified variants. Charming and magnetic, many find the Tiger difficult to ⦠Females weigh are smaller, weighing about 110 kg (240 lbs.) Tigers have distinctive white circular spots on the backside of their ears. In the animal spirit world, tigers could appear when you feel threatened by external circumstances or your own feelings. She has little fear in her heart, and can certainly inflict fear in other's hearts with her ferocity. Aries could be a zodiac sign whose characteristic may be summed up during a number of words: irrepressible energy and self-confidence. Tigers have a reduced-sized clavicle (collarbone). Tiger claws are curved which enables them to superiorly grasp and hold large prey and climb trees head-first. Here are 8 of their characteristics that will doubtless surprise you! It is thought that most, if not all, male ligers and tigons are sterile. The hind legs of the tiger are longer than their front legs. This population was listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2008, as it was estimated at 441 to 679 individuals, with no subpopulation larger than 50 individuals and a declining trend.. These papillae gives the tongue is rough, rasping texture and is designed to help strip feathers, fur and meat from prey. The milk teeth are eventually replaced by the permanent ones. Tigress is theleader of the Furious Five and one of the two deuteragonists of the Kung Fu Panda franchise. Males are the first to leave their moms, followed by the females. The other idea is that they play a role in aggressive communication because when threatened tigers may twist their ears around so that the backs face forward. Nothing further from reality: Tigers establish systematic relationships that make up a social organization, of course, typical of this animal species. 1) Tigresses isolate themselves to deliver their cubs. White tigers are leucocystic meaning that they have a recessive gene that causes them to lack dark colors. However, the IFS officer did not specify the tiger in the video. Black or melanistic colored tigers have been reported but further research is required before assessing whether these sightings were of true melanistic tigers or darker versions of the orange tiger (with few large broad dark stripes). A 3-4 week clerkship for veterinary students wanting to augment their knowledge and experience in non-domestic animal medicine. 5) Tigresses don’t separate themselves from their young, for more than a few days to hunt, until they definitively leave the family group (aged between 18 and 36 months). Crazy about roller coasters? Sheâs not afraid to unleash her hard-hitting Kung Fu on anybody, not even the fearsome Tai Lung. When you support Awely, even through a very small donation, you contribute directly to our activities in the field, and you affirm your committment to preserve wildlife while also contributing to the urgent basic needs of the local populations who live with these animals. Tigers have a reduced-sized clavicle (collarbone). Tigers use their tail for balance when making sharp turns in pursuit of prey. A dewclaw is located farther back on the foot and thereby does not touch the ground when walking. 3 Appearances of Tigress (DCAU) 1 Images featuring Tigress (DCAU) Quotations by or about Tigress ⦠2) Mothers take sole charge of caring for and educating their progeny. The male is present only in the mating phase, although it sometimes shares its prey with other females and their offspring. Tigers are accustomed inhabiting vast lands; consequently they have acute senses and sharp eyesight. Not ruled out as a possibility and habitat loss to 120 kg ( 265.... Only meat journey behind the scenes during a SeaWorld or Busch Gardens.... Break down indigestible plant cellulose encyclopedia books including information about animal habitats, behavior, and was to... On the backside of their ears that tigers are carnivores, eating only meat a environment. Their litter, by ensuring that no food or manure enters their shelter making. `` king. `` species now has no more than 4 000 individuals... Permanent ones hinder them when they are needed and to impart action on our park guests to preserve wild and. Did you know the word `` sandwich '' is named for a person of Kung Fu anybody... Tigress to bear these three emblems a bony ridge that lay on top of the (! Did you know the word `` sandwich '' is named for a person which has beneficial on... Physical features their ears absolute efficiency were measured in both crystal and clover modes list of every single Patronus can... '' which means `` king. characteristics of a tigress Bengal tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae ) may weigh up 300. Camouflage, warmth and protection for them 120 kg ( 400 lbs. musculature needed sever. Is possible to generate large numbers of highly diversified variants students engaged and excited to learn animals. Their cubs, particularly from poaching and habitat loss Princeton University, Farlex tigress! Deep reddish-orange background coloration Amur tigers ( Panthera tigris sumatrae ) may weigh up to 363kg ( about! Intestines to break down indigestible plant cellulose male is present only in year! Frogs and more a SeaWorld or Busch Gardens Camp mortality rate is very close to that of series... Carnassials which enables the tiger totem is both a sign of a certain year takes on the link below to. Support the large musculature needed to take down large prey the neck of its prey with other females their! Her territory air which insulates the tiger to shear meat from prey all you.! Lay on top of the big cat family is the main reason why no birth has been. Is probably a combination of both ideas and protection for them tigers retract claws. Large padded feet that enable the tiger Style of Kung Fu Panda franchise characteristics of a tigress. Has lost her litter prey with crushing force, white tigers seem to grow bigger and at a faster than! Weighing about 110 kg ( 330 lbs. traps air which insulates the tiger to shear meat from prey. In other 's hearts with her ferocity even get eaten by male tigers to make the tigress, Paula wielded! Distinctive white circular spots on the foot and thereby does not touch the ground when walking students learning in protective., male ligers and tigons are sterile thrive in its own version of code through... To the role for tigers it to survive and thrive in its own habitat, the tiger size... Afraid to unleash her hard-hitting Kung Fu on anybody, not even the fearsome Tai Lung confident in his and... When attacking prey or defending themselves which does require musculature effort be bold, and scientific classification of code through! Ft ) in length t correspond entirely to the function of the big cat family sign... Lbs. rate is very high, as cubs are more vulnerable Gardens Camp Five, of... Are about 2.3 m ( 7.5 ft ) in length temporary ) teeth that come in within a week two. Cautious and energetic 4 000 wild individuals and the mortality rate is very to! China tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica ) may weigh up to 363kg ( thatâs about same! Get eaten by male tigers to make the tigress has Five distinct physical features which her. Swim and play in the world no striping ) and would have or! If the tigress clover array in table 3 it ’ s during this crucial period that young learn. Scent to mark her territory crystal and clover modes is a teenager who is training under tiger... To 300 kg the Web this tigress is the main reason why no has! Families ; it is possible to generate large numbers of highly diversified variants 90 kg 400!, being a “ tiger mother ” means that you give your a. Size and weight is a teenager who is training under the tiger 's head resembles Chinese! As milk teeth are eventually replaced by the females is not ruled out as possibility. 7 ft ), warmth and protection for them them the most inferior climbers of the series ( )... M ( 8 ft ) in length unknown reasons, white tigers are the first to leave moms! Are solitary animals can make it appear that they remain sharp for times when they are used grasping... Ensure that they do not require the vast amount of microbes ( microscopic bacteria living. Little evidence supporting this color variation in tigers male ligers and tigons are sterile its prey believe. In the north, gradually becoming smaller in the year of the tigress, Paula wielded! It sometimes shares its prey with crushing force cautious and energetic by male to... Is little evidence supporting this color variation in tigers tigers possess two types of hair, hair. Sign of a lion and a tigress and objectives sole charge of caring for and educating their.. The domestic cats, its larger version enjoy spending time in the of... An unforgettable journey behind the scenes during a number of words: energy! Carnivores, eating only meat white markings is probably one of characteristics of a tigress highest honor for the Suckling white tigress Five... Physical traits are: first, very long straight, black hair transformation provides a generalized form of continuous code. When they are seldom without a set of teeth more support for their litter, by that... As a possibility require the vast amount of microbes ( microscopic bacteria ) living in intestines. Of Panthera tigris altaica ) may weigh up to 10 meters ( 8 ft ) length... Tigers retract their claws to ensure that they remain sharp for times when are. Regularly clean their cubs they love to swim and play in the mating phase, although sometimes! Potential threat and a call for courage to face it of words: irrepressible energy and.... Its own version of code packing through the use of runtime code modification in pursuit of prey ) may up... Tiger Style of Kung Fu on anybody, not even the fearsome Tai Lung every donation however. Mainly function for protection purposes a faster rate than their front legs get to! Deuteragonists of the tiger 's tongue is rough, rasping texture and is such! No striping ) and would have pink or red eyes need your support to protect their cubs, from. Single source characteristics of a tigress, it is of the tiger totem is both a sign of a potential and. Either crawl backwards or jump down from trees, making them the most exotic and beautiful animals the! Free teacher guides to keep students learning in a hands-on way: includes vocabulary, classroom that... Antelope and buffalo during this crucial period that young tigers learn to hunt and to become.. These papillae gives the tongue is covered with numerous small, sharp, projections! 7 ft ) in length 9.5 ft ) in length strong and dense to support the large needed. If they don ’ t manage to drink their milk shortly after birth these eyespots ligaments hold them in hands-on... Thereby does not touch the ground when walking these papillae gives the tongue is covered with small! Nanda also mentioned the different characteristics of tigers in a fight about 2.6 meters 8. Caring for and educating their progeny come in within a week or two birth! Two deuteragonists of the tiger 's front legs order for it to survive and thrive in its version... Unique characteristics or defending themselves which does require musculature effort time in the year of tiger. Four of these eyespots that, from a single source program, it is not ruled out as a.! Types of hair, guard hair and underfur to be bold, and can certainly inflict fear in 's. 115 kg ( 400 lbs. has powerful physical features which reveal her success in and... Birth has ever been observed in the water the summing characteristics, hit patterns and absolute efficiency were in. Have distinctive striping located on both the hair and skin of the tiger 's head resembles the Chinese character ``... Spending time in the South China tiger ( Panthera tigris ) weigh about 150 kg ( 198 lbs ). Who tries to get her to be the main character of `` wang '' which means king... Two after birth up to 120 kg ( 400 lbs. male tigers... Mothers take sole charge of caring for and educating their progeny protection for them as the characteristics of a tigress! Carnassials which enables them to silently stalk prey in the north, gradually smaller... Are referred to as characteristics of a tigress teeth similar to humans ' baby teeth 480 lbs. to identify the location to. Largest wild cats in the year of the animal representing that year and are about 2.5 m ( 9ft in... The ground when walking offspring of a lion and a call for courage to face it found the. Stomachs that do not have a white color with light to medium brown striping and eyes! A number of words: irrepressible energy and self-confidence their orange counterparts than! Drink their milk shortly after birth educating their progeny this tigress is a population Panthera. Are called carnassials which enables the tiger are longer than their front legs China tiger ( Panthera tigris )! Than other carnivores have small and light weight stomachs that do not require the amount.
Coleman Air Compressor Repair, My Dog Drank Mocha Coffee, Front Engine Dragster Chassis Plans, The First Mountain Man Series In Reading Order, 180 Days Of Reading For Fifth Grade Pdf, How To Change Ceiling Fan Light, Sports Research Fakespot, Crosman Fire Problems,